Management’s Role in Mitigating Negative Effects of Restructuring Essay Sample free essay sample

SecondWC is an organisation that is spread outing and is accordingly undergoing some structural accommodations. These alterations are ; switching of duties of staff. retrenchment and centralisation of the client attention section. The organisation is making the restructuring with the purpose of increasing its productiveness and rectifying the job of overstaffing. Retrenchment of employees will cut down costs while keeping efficiency of work force. This is because in a state of affairs where employees are more than needed. they do non bring forth to their optimum degree and yet the organisation has to run into the cost of compensating them. This puts the organisation wage for labour non good utilised. The centralisation of the client attention section makes it independent from the others and consequences in some employees switching while others are being laid off. The alterations have been made all of a sudden and have been met with opposition but have been met with opposition by some while some have accepted it. We will write a custom essay sample on Management’s Role in Mitigating Negative Effects of Restructuring Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those in understanding position it as a move that will better communications good as squad work. The sudden alterations seem to hold met the employees by surprise hence their reaction. I have been allocated a new function as the client service director as a consequence of the alterations and would wish to rede the CEO of SWC on how best she could hold handled this state of affairs while doing certain those employees. clients and the community are satisfied with the result or while minimising the negative effects that come with such alterations. This will be of import because it is what will be used in the future enlargements of SWC. Prior to such an of import corporate alteration. the Chief executive officer should hold made certain that the members of staff had been communicated to about the possible alterations. The sudden alterations seem to hold caught the employees by surprise. Disclosure of the re-organization should hold taken topographic point manner before being effected because employees have a manner of acquiring escapes from rumour mongerers ( Winkler. B. F. ( 2003 ) ) . This makes the employees dying and besides makes them lose the morale to work because they have information in spots and may assume themselves unfortunate plenty to acquire laid away. The direction is obliged to pass on to their employees. clients and the community as a whole because they all contribute to the production of the organisation. It should salvage the entities afore mentioned from guess because rumours are in most instances inaccurate and they form the footing on which the employees react. Extenuation attempts are necessa ry because communicating non decently handled could hold desperate effects to the organisation such as devastation and hooliganism of organisation assets every bit good as sabotage by staff. Open communicating. even of unpleasant intelligence. is really important particularly when done in a forum that is all inclusive. Employees should be made to understand how the restructuring of sections is traveling to impact them and they should besides travel through an orientation plan to assist them grok their new functions. Harmonizing to Joel H. Head and James this makes the employees feel involved and like their sentiments affair in the organisation hence cut downing the opportunities of holding discontented employees. Restructuring in most instances ineluctable and is given different footings such as re-organizing. down sizing or right size ( Joel H. Head. 1989 ) . Though it has its challenges. it besides can be really good to the organisation in footings of a decrease in costs which translates to higher production. The decentalisation of the client service section is advantageous because harmonizing to Victor H. Pooler and David J. Pooler â€Å"Employees can be assigned the undertakings for which they are best suited† . Further. he adds that keeping greater control over entire committedness of the single sections is made possible. In consideration of the former point. the employees now produce to their greatest potency which will reflect positively in the production. Another advantage is that answerability and transparence are observed as a consequence of sections being independent. Preciseness is observed because smaller entities are accounted for. Communication consequences become mensurable and the new sections become accountable such that it is possible to do a judgement that is non impaired because the assessments act as testimonies ( Kenneth P. De Meuse. and Mitchell Lee Marks. 2003 ) . I would wish to suggest personal assessment of employee public presentation. after which such an action can be undertaken. This would ease path recording and besides would supply a agency by which to find who is to be laid off or which forces is best suited for which section. With the assessments in topographic point. fewer employees would experience like they have been below the belt dismissed. As a human resource director. I would rede on the importance of managing the re-trenched staff by get downing an outplacement support undertaking whose aim is to do the out- traveling forces feel like the organisation still cares for them. Another function that this outplacement would play would be supplying preparation that would increase their opportunities of set downing other occupations. It would besides be an avenue for supplying their information to our affiliate companies therefore moving as referees and increasing opportunities of these employees acquiring hired. This would cut down the defeat that frequently befalls laid off staff because harmonizing to Yvette Trotman. an organisational adviser. â€Å"a individual who has lost their occupation feels rejected and abandoned by their employer. They are caught in the loss/growth of a heartache rhythm where they have to do sense out of the yesteryear and what the hereafter has in shop for them. † Those who are being laid off feel like they were non good plenty and may frequently inquire what standard was used in acquiring them. On the other manus the staying staff feels insecure and guilty of staying after their co-workers have packed their bags. A one-on-one calling guidance of the subsisters would be necessary because after such a annihilating corporate alteration. they would necessitate to be counseled so as to set to normal working concern. The same would besides be of importance to the surpassing employees because it would see to it that every one’s demand is met. ( Pikula. Deborah A. ( 1999 ) . Making an outplacement plan for the outgoing employees and set uping a workshop for the subsister employees. diffuses the hurtful and guilty feelings likely to be felt by both parties. It reduces opportunities of the organization’s repute acquiring tainted and prevents besides loss of belongings. Frequent public presentation assessments are good because they guide the direction on prompt actions like demotions. displacement of duties or even the puting off of workers. The assessments validate any action. impacting the employees. taken by direction for illustration departmental alterations. Communication that is made in the most believable mode to all employees in all sections. leads to a state of affairs where the staff would non hold a ground to be disgruntled with the determinations made. The communicating should be done through a plan that is unfastened to all workers and whose content is the same ( Kenneth P. De Meuse. and Mitchell Lee Marks. 2003 ) . Uniformity of the con tents protects the workers from experiencing prejudiced by the organization’s determination shapers. I would wish to suggest that the direction makes programs of giving rupture payments to the work force that is go forthing the organisation. With such deliberations. an organisation is classified as one that minds the public assistance of its employees. ( Pikula. Deborah A. ( 1999 ) . Therefore it additions the assurance of both the clients and the community. paving manner for high production because investors are willing to set their money in the organisation by manner of puting. ‘Survivor’ employees should besides hold calling and vocational preparations so that they may be good equipped. This heightens the morale of employees and makes them increase their degree of committedness to their occupation ( Pikula. Deborah A. ( 1999 ) ) . It makes them content and they ever seek to protect the organisation in add-on to following all the ordinances for case maintaining clip and protecting the repute of the organisation. Change direction is a procedure that affects many people get downing from the employees. the clients and the community. Before shiping on it the direction needs to be after or hold a duologue sing it. Handled good reconstituting would take to the work force presenting consequences and impeling the organisation to higher degrees of production. The Chief executive officer has the responsibility to pass on the alterations on clip because communicating is the most of import tool in set uping alteration. She has the function of doing SWC’s direction feel like they own the company. She should picture assurance that such a alteration will give the coveted consequences. Change is inevitable because planetary competition is ever high and to be at per with other organisations an organisation has to camouflage and suit with the times. For case we are at a epoch where engineering keeps germinating. This calls for major accommodations because some of the alterations involve replacing of hu man labour with machinery ensuing to loss of occupations. It is of import for SWC to set into consideration the importance of affecting all employees and besides puting out the importance of the alterations before traveling in front with the re-organization. Mentions: =

Definition and Examples of Epigraphs in English

Definition and Examples of Epigraphs in English Epigraphs appear at the beginning of many texts, often to set the tone or theme of whats to come. Although theyre not quite as popular a feature as they once were, they still appear in many texts, both older and contemporary. Definitions (1) An epigraph is a brief motto or quotation set at the beginning of a text (a book, a chapter of a book, a thesis or dissertation, an essay, a poem), usually to suggest its theme. Adjective: epigraphic. A good epigraph can attract or even mystify the reader, says Robert Hudson, but it should never confuse (The Christian Writers Manual of Style, 2004). (2) The term epigraph also refers to words inscribed on a wall, a building, or the base of a statue.See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Commonly Confused Words: Epigram, Epigraph, and EpitaphEpigramEpitaphEpithet Etymology From the Greek epigraphe, meaning  an inscription, which is in turn derived from the Greek verb epigraphein, meaning  to mark the surface; write on, inscribe Examples No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if Clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie were, as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine owne were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.John Donne(epigraph to For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway, 1940) Mistah Kurtzhe dead.A penny for the Old Guy(epigraphs to The Hollow Men by T.S. Eliot, 1925) The broad-backed hippopotamusRests on his belly in the mud;Although he seems so firm to usHe is merely flesh and blood.The Hippopotamus, T.S. Eliot(epigraph to The Hippopotamus by Stephen Fry, 1994) Historia, ae, f. 1. inquiry, investigation, learning.2. a) a narrative of past events, history. b) any kind of narrative: account, tale, story.Ours was the marsh country . . .Great Expectations(epigraphs to Waterland by Graham Swift, 1983) History begins only at the point where things go wrong; history is born only with trouble, with perplexity, with regret.Waterland(epigraph to Evening Is the Whole Day by Preeta Samarasan, 2009) Life imitates art.Oscar WildeI would be a Papist if I could. I have fearenough, but an obstinate rationality prevents me.Dr. Johnson(epigraphs to The British Museum Is Falling Down by David Lodge, 1965) Observations The custom of using epigraphs becomes more widespread during the eighteenth century, when we find them (generally in Latin) at the head of some major works . . .. A somewhat late-developing custom, then, which more or less replaces the classical custom of using dedicatory epistles and which, in its beginnings, seems a little more typical of works of ideas than of poetry or the novel.(Gà ©rard Genette, Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1997) Epigraphs in Theses and Dissertations If your department or university allows epigraphs, you may include a brief one in addition to or instead of a dedication. . . . Place the epigraph a third of the way down the page, either centered or treated as a block quotation . . ... Do not enclose it in quotation marks. Give the source on a new line, set flush right and preceded by an em dash. Often the authors name alone is sufficient, but you may also include the title of the work and, if it seems relevant, the date of the quotation.(Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 8th ed. The University of Chicago Press, 2013) Epigraphic Strategies Having surveyed 700 years of literary epigraphs to compile The Art of the Epigraph: How Great Books Begin, I found that the links between books and their epigraphs and the epigraphs sources are as individual as the authors involved. Still, certain strategies emerge. It seems authors follow at least one of three dictums, and often all three simultaneously: Be Brief: While the modern epigraph evolved from the lengthy prefaces of early novels like Don Quixote (1605) and Gullivers Travels (1726), many authors have adopted the less-is-more approach. One of the most famous epigraphs is a mere two words: Only connect. Thus E.M. Forster announced the theme of Howards End (1910) while dispensing valuable life advice. . . . Brevity amplifies truth and seals it in our memories. Be Funny: Humor is as essential in literature as it is in life. No one understood this better than Vladimir Nabokov, who delighted in subverting expectations. He introduced The Gift, issued in English in 1963, with this excerpt from a Russian grammar book: An oak is a tree. A rose is a flower. A deer is an animal. A sparrow is a bird. Russia is our fatherland. Death is inevitable. . Be Wise: Epigraphs appeal to those of us who value a good insight. In the one for her 2009 novel A Gate at the Stairs, Lorrie Moore suggests that her aim is to examine some painful truths but also to impart the wisdom to bear those truths: All seats provide equal viewing of the universe (Museum Guide, Hayden Planetarium).(Rosemary Ahern, But First, a Few Choice Words. The Wall Street Journal, November 3-4, 2012)

7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing 7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing 7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing By Mark Nichol The following rhetorical tools enrich writing by eliciting a primal emotional response in readers: 1. Alliteration Alliteration, the pattern of two or more words within a phrase or sentence that begin with the same sound, is an effective form of emphasis that adds lyricism to even straightforward prose and influences the mood. Alliteration can be delivered in consecutive words: â€Å"They have served tour after tour of duty in distant, different, and difficult places.† Or it can recur with gaps of one or more nonalliterative words: â€Å"Squaring our performances with our promises, we will proceed to the fulfillment of the party’s mission.† 2. Assonance Assonance, akin to alliteration, is the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or a longer passage: â€Å"The clamor of the band addled them.† 3. Consonance As the name implies, consonance refers to repetition of consonants specifically, those at the ends of words: â€Å"Their maid has spread the word of their deed.† 4. Onomatopoeia This term refers to words that are sound effects, indicative of their meaning or otherwise imitative of sounds: â€Å"A splash disturbed the hush of the droning afternoon.† 5. Repetition Repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase to produce a pattern or structure that strengthens the cumulative effect of a passage: â€Å"When I find you, I will catch you. When I catch you, I will cook you. When I cook you, I will eat you.† 6. Rhyme Rhyme, the matching of identical or similar word endings in sentences of prose or lines of poetry, needn’t be limited to lyrical contexts: â€Å"If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.† 7. Rhythm Rhythm, the deliberate manipulation of syllabic patterns in a passage, like rhyme, should not be consigned solely to poetry: â€Å"The eager coursing of the strident hounds and the sudden pursuit of the mounted men drove the bounding prey ever on.† When employing one or more of these techniques in your writing, keep these points in mind: Be sure they have intrinsic value to the content and do not simply showcase your cleverness. Employ them in moderation, and be true to your voice and the tone of your writing. In serious expository prose, no more than one or two instances will help readers retain important information or strengthen a memorable conclusion. A more casual, lighthearted essay can afford a few more tricks, especially as mnemonic devices. A humorous piece allows you to be more indulgent, but an excess of use can quickly become wearisome and counterproductive. Study the masters, take note of their restraint and originality, and use those lessons as points of inspiration for your own applications of these techniques. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingNominalized Verbs

History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History - Coursework Example Therefore, they came up with strategies to counter these problems (Bentley et al, 67). Efforts of the classical societies resulted into a dramatic increase in most of the world’s religions. This was facilitated by the development of roads- a mode for transport and communication of goods and services. Likewise, sea route of transportation was also developed as a trade route. This led to trade and interrelations between individuals of diverse localities. These links lead to the worldwide movement of goods, people, diseases and beliefs. Beliefs founded were all connected to a supreme supernatural being. The beliefs include; Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. These trade routes were advantageous and also disadvantageous. The con was the development of diseases and epidemics which were deadly. This led to the disruption of the classical society (Confucius, 27). Discussion: comparison of Persian and Chinese empire. The Persian and Chinese empires were two significant historical em pires. There was a successful reign within the centuries due to the emperor bodies imposing the Machiavellian principals in both empires. The leaders used anyway to maintain peace and order within the reigning locations. This method of administration persisted for many centuries in the two discussed emperors. The Chinese empire also known as the Han dynasty was created by Lui Bang in 201 BC. He used the Machiavellian principals in administration. He linked the pre- Qin emporium and the Qin dynasty domineering emporium. This aided in the expansion of the empires in aspects of economy, population and culture. The Chinese empire is historically significant due to accomplishments made. The accomplishments included; paper invention, compass invention, advancements in science and technology, steel manufacturing and seismograph development. This empire had a strong military command; this enabled its expansion in Korea, northern Vietnam, and Southern China. This empire also developed routes which were primarily used for the delivery of silk to the Roman Empire. The trade routes were build up along Central Asia, further expanding to India, and finally in Persia (Steele, 8). Another historical landmark of the Chinese empire is the establishment of a tributary organization system comprising of local powers; to enforce peace and unity. The collapse of this dynasty was as a result of its lack of strength in facing internal conflicts concerning imperial relatives, military generals, scholar officials and government advisors. This misunderstanding led to a gradual fall of the empire from 100 AD. This resulted in the central government assuming authority, corruption developed in the bureaucrats, and land owners ruled their properties as they wanted. This led to a disruption of the Machiavellian principals and an end to the Qui dynasty. The states the Han dynasty had authority over were able to overthrow it. The Persian Empire was inclusive of several empires that ruled Iran f or a number of centuries. The Archaemenid Empire

Discuss the claim that good quality end-of-life care removes the need Essay

Discuss the claim that good quality end-of-life care removes the need for euthanasia - Essay Example On the other hand, the end-of-life practice can be regarded as an optimistic ideology used in medical practices in order to continue caring for patients in their final days/hours, offering them temporary relief from the physical pain. . In the current times, multiple end-of-life treatment processes, such as palliative care and curative care among others are commonly enacted as an alternative step to euthanasia, which faces frequent ethical obligations (Rachels, 1975). Indeed, the practice of end-of-life care and euthanasia diverges into opposite directions, where the former operates with an optimistic view and the latter is strongly influenced by the pessimistic opinion that it is better end the life of the patient through ‘assisted suicide’ permanently in order to give him/her relief from unbearable pain and suffering. Debates emphasizing the moral correctness and injustice associated with such practices have also been astounding in the field of healthcare since the 19th century. In this study, emphasis has been laid on depicting the morality of practicing euthanasia along with reflecting on the limitations of end-of-life care, with the aim to justify whether practicing good quality effective end-of-life care practices can mitigate the need for euthanasia. When justifying the ethical correctness of euthanasia, Dowbiggen (2003) argued that during the late 19th century, a situation had occurred when a significant proportion of American population felt the need of legalizing euthanasia. During that time, this voluntary killing process was completely sighted on the basis of religious beliefs and values, signifying human life as highly precious to be ended without the God’s will (Gielen & et. al., 2009). However, these religious views on euthanasia were ultimately superseded by the scientific thoughts provided by Herbert Spencer, who during the 19th century, provided

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay Example for Free

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) were the two great figures of the last quarter of the eighteenth century. They were not men of the same generation, but they were contemporaries in the sense that they influenced one another, and there is a kind of likeness about them which makes them belong together as the outstanding representatives of their own particular period. That period, known variously as the Age of Haydn and Mozart, the Viennese Period, or the Classical Period, is susceptible to two interpretations, depending upon whether the emphasis is placed on its relation to the preceding or to the succeeding period. If the relation to the preceding period is to be stressed, the age of Haydn and Mozart should properly be called the Classical Period because it marks the culmination of the principles of monophonic style and pure independent musical form, the growth of which had marked the period of Gluck, Stamitz, and C. P. E. Bach. If, on the other hand, its relation to the succeeding period is to be emphasized, it must be looked upon as a transitional period leading to, or forming the beginning of, the Viennese Period of Beethoven. In the firest case the formal and stylistic perfection of Mozart, and to a less extent of Haydn, is considered as a culmination, as an end in itself; in the second case that perfection is considered as a necessary but secondary step in an evolutionary chain leading to the achievement of a new expressive medium. (Sieghard Brandenburg, 1998) Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, lower Austria, on March 31, 1732. As a child he went to live in the house of a relative, Johann Matthias Frankh, who gave him a thorough musical training. Between 1740 and 1748 Haydn was a chorister at St. Stephens Cathedral in Vienna. During that period he earned his living by teaching, playing the harpsichord, and doing hack work, but all the while immersing himself deeply into serious music study. In 1755 he was engaged by Karl Joseph von Furnberg as conductor of his orchestra, for which he wrote various nocturnes and divertimentos. It was during this period that he also created his first string quartets. While employed at the palace of Count Morzin, between 1758 and 1760, he wrote his first symphonies. In 1760 he married Maria Anna Keller, a marriage that proved unhappy from the beginning and soon gave way to a permanent separation. In 1761, Haydn became second Kapellmeister for Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy at his estate in Eisenstadt. When the Esterhazys built a new palace at Esterhaz, Haydn assumed the status of full Kapellmeister (1766) and held this post for almost a quarter of a century. For the many concert and opera performances at Esterhaz, Haydn produced a vast repertory of compositions in virtually every field and form, arriving at full maturity as creative artist. He rarely left Esterhaz, except for occasional visits to Vienna where he met Mozart and became one of his most devoted friends and admirers. In 1790, Haydn withdrew from his Esterhaz post and went to live in Vienna. In 1791 and 1794, Johann Peter Salomon, impresario and violinist, invited him to London to lead orchestral concerts. For these performances Haydn wrote twelve celebrated symphonies now identified as the London or Salomon Symphonies. Back in Vienna after the second visit, Haydn wrote in 1797 a patriotic hymn which became the Austrian national anthem. Between 1798 and 1801 he completed two choral masterworks, The Creation and The Seasons, his first attempts at writing oratorios. He died in Vienna on May 31, 1809, and was buried in the Hundsthurm churchyard; in 1820 his remains were reinterred in the upper parish church of Eisenstadt. (Jay Parini, Brett C. Millier, 1993) HAYDNS CONNECTION WITH THE ESTERHAZY FAMILY Following the disbanding of Count Morzins musical establishment Haydn secured a post in 1761 with the Esterhazy family, thus forming a relationship which was to continue until the end of his life. First as assistant, and then as first chapelmaster, Haydn was given every incentive necessary to the realization of his genius. Prince Esterhazy was a capable amateur, and in such genial surroundings Haydn gradually developed a remarkable orchestra and a group of singers adequate for the performance of dramatic and religious music. (Ralph De Toledano, 1987) The Esterhazy family, at Eisenstadt and later at Esterhazy, maintained one of the most splendid courts in Europe. Music furnished there, as it did all over Germany, a large part of the entertainment. Almost daily concerts of chamber and orchestral music, interspersed with marionette operas and true operas, to say nothing of the regular use of music at religious services, kept the time of the princes musicians completely filled. Life for men like Haydn was a constant round of concerts, performances and rehearsals, for which most of the music must be composed in otherwise unoccupied moments. The routine was broken by the occasional appearance of troupes of traveling musicians and by the removal of the prince, sometimes accompanied by the whole musical corps, to the capital for the winter season. Fortunately for Haydn, the trips to Vienna furnished opportunity both for the dissemination of his own works and for him constantly to renew his acquaintance with the musical life of the city which had become the musical center of the whole of Europe. (James E. Perone, 1995) THE MUSIC OF THE ESTERHAZY PERIOD A list of the music composed by Haydn during the twenty-nine years of his active connection with the Esterhazy family would be far too long to be included here. His compositions ranged over every musical form characteristic of the time: symphonies, operas, Masses, string quartets, piano sonatas, concertos for various instruments with orchestra, and music for numerous other combinations of instruments and voices. The addition of a famous harpist to the musical forces brought forth a series of compositions for harp; having a famous cellist as a member of the orchestra necessitated concertos for cello and orchestra, which Haydn straightway produced; a ball attended by the emperor brought out the whole orchestra with proudly performed new ballroom music. Haydn stood ready to compose, genially and to the best of his lavish ability, music for any occasion. At the death of Prince Esterhazy in 1790, the musical establishment was disbanded, but Haydn retained his title of Kappelmeister, and although he was now free to devote himself to other affairs, he retained an income from his patrons. The story of the rest of his life recounts constantly increasing fame and honor. His works were performed throughout Europe; Naples, Berlin, Madrid, and London were all anxious to hear his latest composition. Pupils flocked to him, and contemporary composers were almost unanimous in acknowledging his greatness. (David Ewen, 2007 ) LONDON: SYMPHONIES AND ORATORIOS Haydns later life was rich in incident, but that aspect must be left to the biographer. The two journeys to London, in 1790-1792 and 1794-1795, during which he composed the twelve great London symphonies, and conceived the desire to compose oratorios, are most important from the historical standpoint. On his first return to Vienna he devoted himself largely to the two oratorios, the Creation, first performed in 1798, and the Seasons, first performed in 1801. In 1803 he made his last public appearance as a conductor, and from then until his death in 1809, in a Vienna conquered by the armies of Napoleon, his life was that of an honored old man gradually succumbing to his infirmities. (Robert L. Marshall, 2003) Work Cited David Ewen. Composers of Yesterday; Kessinger Publishing, 2007 James E. Perone. Musical Anthologies for Analytical Study: A Bibliography; Greenwood Press, 1995 Jay Parini, Brett C. Millier. The Columbia History of American Poetry; Columbia University Press, 1993 Ralph De Toledano. â€Å"Haydn, Beethoven Old Instruments†; National Review, Vol. 39, April 10, 1987 Robert L. Marshall. Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music; Routledge, 2003 Sieghard Brandenburg. Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven: Studies in the Music of the Classical Period; Clarendon Press, 1998

General Information about Anthrax :: Anthrax

The disease Anthrax derives its name from the Greek word anthracis, which means â€Å"coal†. This name is in response to the â€Å"characteristic black, coal-like central regions located on the anthrax skin lesions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that appear in the cutaneous (tissue) form of the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)). Although the 2001 letter attacks brought it widespread attention, anthrax has been around throughout history in many different areas. For example, the fifth and/or sixth plagues of Egypt that occurred during the time of Moses (1250 B.C.) are thought to represent the â€Å"earliest historical reports of the disease, due to the systemic and cutaneous forms of the disease†(Turnbull). In addition, its appearance has been noted in areas such as Asia Minor during the siege of Troy and its description has been found in the works of many famous authors such as Homer, Hippocrates, Varro, Virgil, and Galen. This leads to the idea that â€Å"â₠¬ ¦the Greeks and Romans were well acquainted with it† (Turnbull). From then on its appearance may have occurred in France, England, Germany, Hungary and Poland. It wasn’t until the 1700’s when its appearance was reported in America in animals. And within the next 100 years or so, Anthrax was being used by biologists to help with the progression of science. Robert Koch, in 1876, established Bacillus anthracis as the first proven bacterial cause of a human disease. His work led to the â€Å"†¦development of Koch’s Postulates, a set of diagnostic criteria still used by microbiologists today† (Nester). Also, the vaccine for anthrax, developed by Louis Pasteur in 1881, was the first effective live vaccine for a bacterial disease. All of these reported accounts, as well as other scientist journals in the late 1700’s and 1800’s, show that this disease is not new to the human race. Anthrax is a highly infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that infects animals including humans. The disease is more common in large herbivores but can also infect humans who are exposed to diseased animal tissue or bacterial spores of the disease. These herbivores include cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs as well as wild populations of deer, elephants, buffalo, and others. â€Å"Incidents of anthrax among animals have been reported by 82 countries†, however, these countries are limited to those with weak public veterinary health programs (Friedlander). Therefore, humans who live in these countries are of high-risk of acquiring the disease through different means of transmission.

Background Paper of Pirate Steel Company

The Pirate Steel Company is in the steel producing industry that manufactures in the United States. The Pirate Steel Company sells its products in the United States and many other nations abroad. Pirate Steel was considered a leader in its industry and maintained high standards of achievement until foreign competition began to affect their profitability. Though Pirate Steel has never been very cost conscience in production operations, the increases in material, labor, and other inventories has made a deep impact in Pirate Steel†s view on minimizing costs. With an increase in production costs, the selling price of the company†s manufactured goods increased as well. This increase in prices had to be closely monitored due to competition. With new regulations on production expenses, the people in production, like the foreperson and the manager, had the entire burden on them since they had to justify all repair and maintenance expenditures. With new procedures, every work order form had to be exaggerated so that it seemed necessary for repair and maintenance expenditures. Since the work order forms were exaggerated, the accountant found that these requests were filled with misleading information. All expenses were recorded properly, but an external auditor might question the fictionalized reports. The ethical dilemma of Pirate Steel Company is that the foreperson devised a strategy to get maintenance and repair orders approved by providing misleading information about the extent of the reports. The work order forms seemed to imply that new equipment was bought each time a repair was needed. With this type of fictionalized information given, the external auditors may question the accounting methods pertaining to repair and maintenance. The stakeholders in this situation are the foreperson, the accountant, customers, shareholders, management, and the executives. The foreperson was the one who initially created the plan of falsifying information about repair and maintenance needs. He did this because of fear that any job delays, due to failure of machinery, would be blamed on him. The accountant is also responsible because he must decide how he must approach this situation from an ethical standpoint. There are many options for him to choose, but only one is correct. The Utilitarian Theory emphasizes on how the consequences of an action affect the individuals involved. This is a theory of balancing negative social actions and benefits to minimize the negatives and maximize the benefits. The Utilitarian Theory would be applied as Faze approached the chief executive officer of Pirate Steel and requests that he evaluates the new cost control policy and the actions being taken with it. Faze should explain that the descriptions of the work orders should be evaluated for honesty. He should tell the CEO that if these patterns continue, it might have a negative effect on the company†s progress. The CEO should then sit with Faze and devise a more efficient plan. The Theory of Rights states that each person should be treated as fairly as possible and that others have the obligation to treat everyone equally as a sense of moral duty. The Theory of Rights could be applied in this situation allowing the accountant to overlook this minor problem because he feels that this process is the most efficient way for the company to operate. Faze must go to the production manager and let him know that the fictionalized work orders will not affect the company in the short run, but in the long run they might pose a potential loss in income due to excess expenditures in repairs and maintenance. The Theory of Justice involves equity, fairness, and impartiality. These major components are used in the way that individuals are affected by their treatment. The Theory of Justice could be applied to the situation by employees approaching the production management and demanding that the work order forms be much easier to be approved. The employees think that too much effort must be put into filling out request for repairs and maintenance. The employees also know that if their requests are not fictionalized, they will have a hard time receiving the approval for those mandatory repairs. The company should look to implement a program that will allow the employees to be able to develop the skill required to properly complete the work order forms. They should also look to perform their jobs in a way that will follow all of the rules and laws that would be applied to the situation. With these revisions in procedure, the company should be able to prepare reports with accurate information. The company will need to use a system that will allow information to be communicated fairly. The information that is included in these reports should be recorded in a way that is not intended to negatively persuade the user to get the wrong impression of the writing. These changes must be made because the company†s cost control policy is not good from an operational point of view with the requirements needed for a work order form to get approved. Faze will need to schedule a meeting between the CEO, the production manager, the accountant, and himself to be able to clearly ! illustrate the manner in which the work order forms should be completed. He would also use this opportunity to discuss any other improvements to the system that could be implemented. After this meeting, each individual could go to their respective departments and relay the message of how things have been changed. The solution to Pirate Steel†s dilemma is for Faze to maintain competence. He must keep the level of professionalism by performing the activities of the company with respect to the regulations that must be followed. The controller must also inform the production manager that the actions taken can be harmful to the company. He should maintain this level of professionalism and begin to prepare the proper reports after analyzing the information given. Faze should also develop a guide to help employees prepare reports for work orders in a responsible manner. The solution to the Pirate Steel Company†s dilemma is by Faze using objectivity. By using objectivity, Faze will be able to communicate the information fairly and unbiased. Also, the controller must disclose all information that would sway the opinion of an interested user. Disclosing this information will give all the outsiders a better understanding of all paperwork and recommendations that are presented. To show competence in the workplace, the workers must be able to continually develop skills that will improve all aspects of their job. Then they must perform all of their duties and still stay in accordance with the rules and regulations that are involved with their field, and be able to prepare reports that are accurate and honest so that they can be interpreted as they are printed. Everyone must do these things to show their reliability. One example of showing reliability is shown in this quote stated â€Å"To be reliable, information must have representational faithfulness and it must be verifiable and neutral. Accounting information may not represent faithfully what it purports to represents because it has one or both of two kinds of bias (The Accounting Review, 2000, 229).† When a worker is showing objectivity they must prove that they can communicate information in a way that others can understand it and not be persuaded to use misleading information in decision making. This quote shows an example of objectivity: â€Å"To address earnings management concerns, the NYSE, Amex, ASB, and the SEC individually adopted rules and standards focusing on the composition and activities of audit committees. Regulators hope the rules will improve the quality of financial reporting and make it harder for corporations to manipulate the data on which their reported earnings are based (Journal of Accountancy, 2000, 15).†

Marketing Management – Toyota

Toyota Motors Marketing Plan for Hybrid Vehicles by geographic location (Europe) 1. 0 Executive Summary The Toyota Motor Company continues to strive to be the global market leader in the automobile manufacturing industry. Over the years, Toyota has managed to remain the leader of this industry through its management structure, fuel efficient vehicle design and competitive pricing based on global market knowledge. Toyota has realized that environmentally conscious products were needed to ensure continued company (and sales) growth in the future.Toyota has been actively reducing its carbon footprint since 1998. Annually, Toyota has been publishing its Environmental and Social Sustainability report in order to enhance disclosure of information regarding environmental actions carried out in conjunction with its corporate activities. Through more efficient and â€Å"cleaner† production lines it has reduced its environmental impact. Toyota also seeks to be the market leader for so c alled â€Å"clean (or green) vehicles† such as Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles.This marketing plan will discuss Toyota's strategy with regards to green vehicles, with particular reference to one geographical location, Europe. This Marketing plan will have a closer look at how the European Branch operates within Toyota's global structure and how it reflects Toyota's overall vision of a cleaner, more sustainable future. 1. 1 Vision Toyota realizes that its future lies in the production of environmentally conscious cars. Toyota's vision of a cleaner future revolves around two main points. Firstly, the production of vehicles that have a smaller impact on the environment.Along with â€Å"cleaner† versions of its gasoline powered cars, Toyota believes that the company's success in the present and future lies in its line of Electric, Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles. Through this line of vehicles Toyota will be actively reducing environmental impact by producing cleaner cars for consumers to use. Secondly, Toyota believes that to achieve its goals towards a cleaner future, it must continuously strive to make its production lines even cleaner. In fact, since 2002 Toyota has managed to reduce the energy used or the production of vehicles by 40%, waste products by 50% and water consumption by 70% (Toyota Motors Europe: Sustainability Report 2011). Both of the above points fall under a global philosophy called â€Å"The Toyota Way†. As analysed by Liker (Liker J. , 2004) this holistic philosophy maintains fourteen key principles which Toyota has adopted to give its customers what they want, when they want it, in the most efficient way possible whilst leaving the smallest possible carbon footprint. Toyota also believes that continual growth can be achieved by exceeding its customers' expectations.In fact the Toyota Global website(2012) states â€Å"our attitude is to anticipate and deliver to the needs of those we ser ve† 1. 2 Objectives Toyota's main objectives are stated clearly in its Sustainability Report (2011). The said report outlines a global vision, to be attained by the year 2020. Toyota's new Global Vision 2020 comprises of three main pillars: * Lead the way to the future of mobility, which is our core business. * Commit to quality, innovation, environmental protection and by doing so, make cars that people love. Engage our people's energy and passion to â€Å"Always Find a Better Way† (Toyota Motors Europe: Sustainability Report 2011) 2. 0 Current Market Summary Traditionally, Toyota's primarily focused on the US and Japanese markets. The European market is a fairly new addition to Toyota's Sales portfolio. Although the European market for cars has seen a steady decline in recent years, Toyota currently holds a 4. 2% share of the total car market. In 2011 total sales in Europe amounted to 822,386, 10% of which were Hybrid vehicles. 2. 1 Market NeedsThrough Customer Relati onship Management and market research, Toyota has established a new set of characteristics it's vehicles need to satisfy in order to reach the Global Vision 2020. Toyota has determined it's cars need to be: * Of high quality and reliability thus requiring infrequent maintenance. * Widely affordable, including increased affordability of Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid vehicles. * Silent in a world which is increasingly aware of noise pollution. * Easy to use, with particular reference to simplified user interfacing on new Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid vehicles * Clean.Even if in a traditional gasoline engine model emissions need to be kept to an absolute minimum. Whilst identifying the need for â€Å"cleaner† cars, Toyota has also launched the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) demo project in 18 European countries. This project involves a limited production line of 200 PHEV vehicles which are being road tested by customers in 18 European countries till 2013. So far the project has already increased awareness of PHEV cars and provided crucial data with regards to technical performance and customer satisfaction.This data will be used in the near future to launch a large scale PHEV production line. Toyota realises the importance of its customers time. The increasing use of the internet, especially in the early stages of a purchase, has made the company's website an important asset. Therefore an updated website will all models, colours, specifications and options is of vital importance. 2. 2 Market Growth Despite the afore mentioned drop in car sales in Europe, Toyota has managed to sustain a positive growth within this market. Toyota aims to increase its European market share from 4. % to 4. 5% ( 835,000 vehicles sold) in 2012. In 2011 its Hybrid sales amounted to 10% of the total sales figure. Toyota seeks to increase this to 14% in 2012 and up to as much as 20% in 2013/14 (Reuters: 5th March 2012). To do so, Toyota has re-designed some of its more popular mode ls (Yaris and Auris) and has offered them in both traditional gasoline engines and Hybrid configuration. To further maximise growth in the Hybrid and Plug-In sector, many of Toyota's European distributors have started offering very advantageous finance schemes on these models.This means that a customer no longer needs to go through the bank to purchase a new car. 2. 3 Market Segmentations Toyota's European Market is vastly diverse and requires heavy segmentation. Each market segment requires separate market research, a separate marketing strategy and a separate product offering all together. When segmenting the European market one has to take the following considerations: * Age of the target consumer * Social Standing * Occupation and thus purchasing power * Educational background * Other cultural and socio-economic factorsFor the purposes of this plan we shall conduct a socio-demographic segmentation. Market segments may include : * Young ,trendy people who opt for small, inexpensi ve, cheap to run vehicles. this segment is also very environmentally conscious. * Young adults with higher spending power who opt for small saloon, small SUV's/mini-vans and 4Ãâ€"4 vehicles. This segment is also very environmentally conscious but less so than the young trendy people * Middle aged adults who are better off and can afford higher end vehicles such as large saloons and high end 4Ãâ€"4 vehicles.This segment is less environmentally conscious and therefore less likely to invest in a Hybrid or PHEW vehicle unless these become trendy to own. * Mature adults who are about to retire or have retired from work. This segment looking for comfort and practicality while still maintaining style. Depending on their occupation and ability to save(throughout their career), their spending power will vary. This segment is the least environmentally conscious. Other market segments include small, medium and large business organisations for which Toyota has developed a range of trucks and vans of various sizes and payload capacity. . 4 SWOT Analysis Strengths * Toyota has firmly placed itself as one of the leading car manufacturers in the world and is also steadily gaining ground in Europe. Toyota's reputation for quality and reliability has help to breach and gain a foothold in the European automobile market. * Toyota is on the forefront of cutting edge technology and is the leading manufacturer for Hybrid vehicles in Europe and aims to further increase sales of Hybrids and PHEV in the next 2 years. * The Toyota Way of management continues to advocate efficiency in the production, distribution and sales of Toyota vehicles.Toyota's continues drive towards efficiency has led to a reduction in cost of production/distribution/sales * Toyota's Sustainability Report informs partners, distributors, employees and customers of the company's commitment to a cleaner future. This further reinforces Toyota's Corporate Social Responsibility in the minds of all third parties. * Th e company has a highly skilled workforce * Wide distribution network through clearly marked Toyota stores and other authorised distributors allowing potential customers easy access to the company's vehicles Weaknesses * Toyota's size as an organisation is in itself a weakness.The scale of the company presents different sets of challenges. The decision making process may be slower than in other organisations due to the sheer size of the management structure. * A wide distribution network requires a large workforce dedicated to logistics and distribution which can be quite expensive. * A weakness can also be identified in the supply chain for hybrid vehicles in Europe. Even though hybrid Yaris and Auris models are produced in Britain (and as of April 2012, also in France) almost all of the parts used to make these vehicles have to be imported.This will increase the overall cost per unit, therefore reducing competitiveness. (Reuters 5th March 2012) * Toyota owns and runs 8 manufacturin g plants, 14 parts centres and 9 vehicle logistic centres in Europe. These plants and centres have high fixed costs. With an expected 5% decrease in the demand for cars in Europe, these plants' fixed costs may become a long term burden on Toyota Europe and may decrease profitability. Opportunities * Being on the forefront of hybrid and PHEV technology, Toyota is an ideal position to strengthen its hold on this market segment and increase overall sales in Europe.In fact sales targets for 2013/14 for hybrid vehicles are initially set at 14% and 20% at a later stage. Various governments are imposing lower licensing fees on hybrid vehicles thus providing the perfect incentive for consumers to opt for a Toyota hybrid model * Soaring fuel prices are driving consumers to look for alternative modes of transport. Toyota's hybrid and PHEV vehicles are very fuel efficient thus providing Toyota with the perfect opportunity to increase its market share. * Toyota plans to start manufacturing part s for hybrid and PHEV in Europe once sales reach 150,000 hybrid vehicles per year.At present, these parts are imported from Asia and the US. The production of parts in Europe would bring significant savings in transport and logistical costs which would bring a lower cost per unit and in term allow Toyota to be even more competitive with its prices. This would also put Toyota in a position to offer maintenance services to its customers at a lower price. Threats * In recent years Toyota has had to recall millions of vehicles due to defective brakes, suspensions and accelerator units. Recalls have cost Toyota millions of dollars in the past and they continue to be a costly problem in the present and foreseeable future.Recalls can also have a negative effect on brand equity and effect sales growth in the long term. * New brands could increase competition and erode Toyota's sales. New entrants from Korea, China and India are providing various market offerings, at different levels of qual ity and at increasingly competitive prices. * Soaring fuel prices and raw material prices could have a negative impact on costs of production and distribution therefore further reducing profitability. * Economic factors such as the global recession in the last 3/4 years and the lack of consumer confidence in banking institutions will have a negative effect on sales.In recent years, unemployment rates have risen in Europe making selling expensive commodities, such as cars, even harder. 2. 5 Competition The Automobile industry is in itself a fiercely competitive industry. Even more so in the European market place due to the numerous European car manufacturers. Toyota faces stiff competition from most European car makers as they market and sell the bulk of their products in Europe. Therefore when it comes to purchasing a car, the European consumer has many more product offerings to chose from. Most of the European car makers have developed entire fleets of cars to suite different budge ts, demographics and astes. In Europe, specifications such as miles per gallon, design features and retail price, have become battle grounds for car manufacturers. Toyota also faces a socio-cultural challenge: European car manufacturers take pride in the fact that their cars are designed and built in Europe for Europeans. This, in a way, can prove to be an advantage for brands such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen. These brands can give the perception of being able to understand the European consumer's needs better than their Asian and American counterparts. Toyota also faces stiff competition from other Asian manufacturers such as Kia, Hyundai and Honda.These manufacturers have also realised the importance of maximising fuel efficiency (with particular emphasis to small urban/city cars). Asia manufacturers have also been able to compete when it comes to retail price. Labour is relatively cheap in certain parts of Asia, thus allowing Asian manufacturers to keep costs of producti on low and passing on the savings to its customers. Competition has also risen due to new entrants into the European market. American giant General Motors launched Chevrolet Europe in 2005. Chevrolet have redesigned product offerings and created new product offerings to suit the European market.

Why Erlitou Is Known as the Bronze Age Capital of China

Why Erlitou Is Known as the Bronze Age Capital of China Erlitou is a very large Bronze Age site located in the Yilou basin of the Yellow River, about 10 kilometers southwest of Yanshi City in Henan Province of China. Erlitou has long been associated with the Xia or early Shang Dynasty but can be more neutrally known as the type site of the Erlitou culture. Erlitou was occupied between about 3500-1250 BCE. During its heyday (ca 1900-1600 BC) the city included an area of almost 300 hectares, with deposits in some places up to 4 meters deep. Palatial buildings, royal tombs, bronze foundries, paved roads, and rammed earth foundations attest to the complexity and importance of this early central place. The earliest occupations at Erlitou date to the Neolithic Yangshao culture [3500-3000 BCE], and Longshan culture [3000-2500 BCE] followed by a 600 year period of abandonment. The Erlitou settlement began about 1900 BCE. The city rose steadily in importance, becoming the primary center in the region by about 1800 BCE. During the Erligang period [1600-1250 BCE], the city decreased in importance and was abandoned. Erlitou Characteristics Erlitou has eight identified palaces,  large-scale buildings with elite architecture and artifacts, three of which have been fully excavated, the most recent in 2003. Excavations indicate that the city was planned with specialized buildings, a ceremonial area, attached workshops, and a central palatial complex enclosing two rammed-earth foundation palaces. Elite burials were placed within the courtyards of these palaces  accompanied by grave goods such as bronzes, jades, turquoise, and lacquer wares. Other tombs were discovered scattered throughout the site rather than in a cemetery precinct. Erlitou also had a planned grid of roads. An intact section of parallel wagon tracks, 1 meter wide and 5 meters long, is the earliest known evidence of a wagon in China. Other parts of the city contain the remains of smaller dwellings, craft workshops, pottery kilns, and tombs. Important craft areas include a bronze casting foundry and a turquoise workshop. Erlitou is known for its bronzes: the earliest bronze vessels cast in China were made in the foundries at Erlitou. The first bronze vessels were made expressly for the ritual consumption of wine, which was probably based on rice or wild grape. Is Erlitou Xia or Shang? Scholarly debate continues concerning whether Erlitou is best considered Xia or Shang Dynasty. In fact, Erlitou is central to the discussion concerning whether the Xia dynasty exists at all. The earliest known bronzes in China were cast in Erlitou and its complexity argues that it had a state level of organization. Xia is listed in Zhou dynasty records as being the first of the bronze age societies, but scholars are divided as to whether this culture existed as a separate entity from the earliest Shang or was a political fiction created by the Zhou dynasty leaders to cement their control. Erlitou was first discovered in 1959 and has been excavated for decades. Source: Allan, Sarah 2007 Erlitou and the Formation of Chinese Civilization: Toward a New Paradigm. The Journal of Asian Studies 66:461-496. Liu, Li, and Hong Xu 2007 Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology. Antiquity 81:886–901. Yuan, Jing and Rowan Flad 2005 New zooarchaeological evidence for changes in Shang Dynasty animal sacrifice. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24(3):252-270. Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Erlitou Site at Yanshi. Entry 43 in Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents Cardiovascular Control in Exercise, the contribution of Central Command and Muscle Afferents The human body has the ability to easily adapt when exercise begins with many of these adaptations occurring in the cardiovascular system. It is well documented that at the onset of exercise heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity progressively increase to higher levels (Lind et al, 1964). These cardiovascular adaptations are controlled by either central (Central Command) or peripheral (exercise pressor reflex) mechanisms (McCloskey results from a study by Williamson et al (2002) have shown this through hypnosis. Originally an individual’s perceived exertion during exercise was thought to be independent of any force being produced, allowing the magnitude of CC to be seen (Gandevia et al, 1993). Williamson et al (2002) obtained results related to this idea; they found that the level of CC activated was related to an individual’s sense of effo rt independently of any force being produced. Increases in HR were found during hypnosis despite no exercise being performed and increases were therefore independent of feedback from afferents within the active limb.

Fiscal Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fiscal Policy - Assignment Example The fiscal policy has been instituted to see the government earn more revenue which is to be used to reduce the government debt which has been rising over the years especially following the release of stimulus packages to revive the economy after the financial crisis began. The fiscal policy currently in place disfavours the rich as it would see them pay more taxes. The middle class are also disfavoured by the fact that they have to pay 2% higher payroll tax than they have previously been paying. If not for the easy monetary policy that the country has adopted, many sectors of the economy would have been grossly affected by the financial policy and the unemployment levels would remain high. Generally, the fiscal policy will benefit those to whom the government is indebted. The Taiwan Government on has adopted an expansionary fiscal policy for the last seven years (Liu, 2013; weebly.com 2014). The policy includes raising spending on defence each year by 7.8%. The policy is aimed at stimulating domestic demand (weebly.com 2014). This measure has been taken in response to volatile exports. The government intends to invest in infrastructure and hopes that the economic growth will be more impressive. The policy favours local businesses and the general population although the government’s level of debt will keep rising. Mutikani, L. (March 22, 2013). Easy Fed softens fiscal policy punch on economy. Chicago Tribute. Retrieved March 14, 2014 from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-22/business/sns-rt-us-usa-economy-growthbre92l03o-20130321_1_easy-policy-monetary-policy-monetary-stimulus Liu, F. (2013).Taiwan Fiscal Policy to Stay Expansionary in 2014, With More for Infrastructure: Outstanding Public Debt Likely to Rise Close to the Statutory Limit. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 14, 2014